Background

Eastern Sudan, a vast sun-blasted land of some 300,000 square kilometers, is home to an estimated three to four million of Sudan’s poorest people. The region is made up of three states: Red Sea, Gadaref and Kassala. In each of these states the living conditions are so harsh that the local population has been facing acute poverty, persistent drought and famine, a lack of adequate access to healthcare and education, high levels of unemployment in addition to land degradation and shrinking pasture areas, for a very long time. This state of affairs led to a low-intensity rebel insurgency over the past eleven years that was settled with the signing of the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement (ESPA) in October 2006, between the Government of Sudan and the Eastern Front.

This breakthrough highlighted opportunities for peace-building, such as promoting development, social equity, and peace and reconciliation. As peace is sustained, the strenuous economic and social realities in this region have made it very difficult for the poor and marginalized segments of society to obtain affordable legal counseling and representation. This is mainly due to the lack of a network of lawyers to provide pro bono legal services for the poor. In fact, like many parts of Sudan, rule of law institutions in Kassala State, namely the judiciary, the prosecution, police and prison administration, are in need of institutional capacity building and training in order to improve the quality of their service delivery.

In addition, in Eastern Sudan, traditional administrative structures have played a crucial role in promoting the culture of rule of law and conflict transformation. However, these structures need to be adjusted to the realities of the 2006 ESPA. Their roles in fostering and nurturing the culture of rule of law and peaceful conflict resolution also need to be revitalized.

Moreover, the root causes of conflict in this part of the country are related to natural resources. Since Eastern Sudan’s population is predominantly rural, competition over scarce natural resources, such as water, land and grazing, is one of the causes of inter and intra tribal tension and sometimes conflicts. The presence of a significant number of arms and the unresolved issue of access to land, and equity in resource distribution, is another factor that makes this region prone to conflict.

In order to sustain peace by preventing conflict, UNDP established a presence in Kassala in October 2005 and launched the “Promoting Rule of Law and Peaceful Conflict Resolution in Eastern Sudan” project with the support of the Netherlands government, The European Commission and Norwegian embassy.

Objectives
The overall objective of the project is to contribute to the peaceful resolution of conflict within the framework of the Interim National Constitution (INC), the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), the Joint Assessment Mission (JAM) and the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement (ESPA), to diffuse tensions in Eastern Sudan, while paving the way for long-term development.

To this end, the specific objectives of the project are:
• To strengthen access to justice and thus contribute to confidence building, to promote rule of law and human security;
• To enhance the capacity of state government, civil society and communities to resolve disputes amicably;
• To build the capacity of local officials and traditional leaders to develop and sustain a rule of law culture in Eastern Sudan; and
• To enhance the availability of legal information and resources on rule of law and conflict resolution for government officials, traditional leaders, students and the general public in Kassala State.

Snapshots of the project's major achievements
• Conducted the first rule of law seminar on the native administration law, which provided opportunities for 103 persons from diverse backgrounds to discuss issues relating to the native administration law;
• Conducted an awareness-raising workshop in Meswat (Kassala North East), where 30 persons from the Hadendawa tribe had their awareness raised on their basic legal rights;
• Conducted an awareness-raising workshop in Jamam, where 25 persons from the Hadendawa tribe had their awareness raised on their basic legal right;
• Conducted an Access to Justice for Women workshop, 32 women had their awareness raised on human rights, family law and criminal law;
• Provided 10 paralegals and 2 lawyers working at the Justice & Confidence Centre with an advanced Legal Aid and Human Rights course;
• Conducted a training on human rights and good prison management practices for 25 prison officers and wardens of the Kassala Prison;
• Conducted two workshops for vulnerable groups on access to justice, human rights, and rule of law and other related topics;
• Established a legal information and resource centre within the Kassala Community College and furnished the centre with 5 computers, 2 printers, 1 photocopier, 45 chairs, 8 tables, 2 meeting tables, 1 projector, 1 generator, 2 air conditioners, 3 wall fans and 571 legal books; and
• Supported four police training courses on: community policing; human rights and the rule of law; crowd and riot control; forensic; self-defense; and basic computer skills. A total of 571 police officers received training on one of these courses.